Alright I know lots of you get confused with isotopes. They have different number of neutrons not protons.
The valence shell electrons can be determined by their group. For instance, carbon has 4 outer electrons in it's outermost shell so it will be in group4. Group 4 are unique elements. They can decide to whether give or take electrons.
The number of shells can be determined by their period. Carbon has 2 shells so it will be in period 2.
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